Physics Calculators
Acceleration Calculator
Find acceleration from a change in velocity over time, or from force and mass using Newton's second law, with a 0 to 100 km/h acceleration reference table.
Bernoulli Equation Calculator
Solve Bernoulli's equation for pressure or velocity at two points in a flowing fluid, with a worked horizontal pipe example showing an exact pressure drop.
Blackbody Radiation Calculator
Calculate radiant intensity and total power from temperature using the Stefan-Boltzmann law, with a table from the cosmic background to the Sun's surface.
Boyle's Law Calculator
Solve Boyle's law for the final pressure or final volume of a gas at constant temperature, with a worked syringe compression example from 60 to 20 mL.
Charles's Law Calculator
Solve Charles's law for final volume or final temperature of a gas at constant pressure, with a worked example of a balloon heated from 20 to 90 degrees C.
Coulomb's Law Calculator
Calculate the electric force between two point charges using Coulomb's law, with a table showing how quickly that force drops off as distance increases.
Decibel Calculator
Convert a power or amplitude ratio into decibels using the logarithmic dB formula, with a reference table for common power ratios from 2x up to 1000x.
Density Calculator
Solve density, mass, or volume of any object using the density formula, with a reference table of densities for air, water, aluminum, steel, and gold.
Doppler Effect Calculator
Calculate the observed frequency shift of a wave from source and observer motion, with a worked ambulance siren example approaching at three different speeds.
Electromagnetic Force Calculator
Calculate electric force, magnetic force, or the combined Lorentz force on a moving charge, with worked examples for a proton and a stationary charge.
Energy Calculator
Calculate gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy, or mass-energy equivalence, including a kinetic energy reference table for a car at highway speeds.
Force Calculator
Solve Newton's second law for force, mass, or acceleration using F = ma, with a worked weight table showing gravitational force for six common masses.
Frequency Calculator
Calculate frequency from period, or from wave speed and wavelength, with a period-to-frequency reference table covering the 50 Hz and 60 Hz AC power standards.
Gravitational Force Calculator
Calculate the gravitational force between two masses using Newton's law of gravitation, with a comparison scaling from two people up to the Earth-Moon system.
Ideal Gas Law Calculator
Solve the ideal gas law PV = nRT for pressure, volume, moles, or temperature, including the standard 22.4 liter molar volume check at STP in chemistry.
Impulse Calculator
Calculate impulse from force and time, equal to the resulting change in momentum, with a reference table showing how airbags cut peak force during a car crash.
Kinetic Energy Calculator
Calculate kinetic energy from mass and velocity using KE = half times m times v squared, with a comparison table running from a rifle bullet to a mid-size car.
Lens Equation Calculator
Solve the thin lens equation for focal length, object distance, or image distance, with a table showing how image distance shifts as object distance changes.
Momentum Calculator
Calculate momentum from mass and velocity, or solve for mass or velocity given momentum, with a comparison table spanning a rifle bullet to a mid-size car.
Pendulum Period Calculator
Calculate the period of a simple pendulum from its length and local gravity, with a table showing period for lengths from a quarter meter to 3 meters.
Photon Energy Calculator
Calculate the energy of a single photon from its frequency or wavelength in joules and electronvolts, with a reference table spanning microwaves to X-rays.
Power Calculator (Physics)
Calculate power from energy delivered over time, or from force and velocity, with reference power outputs for human effort, a light bulb, and a car engine.
Pressure Calculator (Physics)
Calculate pressure from force and area, or hydrostatic pressure from fluid depth and density, with a seawater depth table running from 10 to 1000 meters.
Projectile Motion Calculator
Calculate the range, maximum height, and time of flight of a projectile from launch speed and angle, with a table comparing five different launch angles.
Radioactive Decay Calculator
Calculate the amount of a radioactive isotope remaining after a given elapsed time using its half-life, with a percent-remaining table for five half-lives.
Reynolds Number Calculator
Calculate the Reynolds number from fluid velocity, density, and viscosity to classify flow as laminar, transitional, or turbulent, with a pipe flow table.
Simple Harmonic Motion Calculator
Calculate position, velocity, and acceleration in simple harmonic motion from amplitude, period or frequency, and time, with a full oscillation cycle table.
Speed Calculator
Calculate average speed from distance and time in meters per second, with automatic conversion to km/h and mph and a table of familiar everyday speeds.
Velocity Calculator
Find average velocity from distance and time, or final velocity from initial speed, acceleration, and time, with a m/s to km/h and mph conversion table.
Wavelength Calculator
Calculate wavelength from frequency and wave speed, defaulting to the speed of light, with a reference table spanning radio, Wi-Fi, visible light, and X-rays.
Work Calculator
Calculate work done by a force over a distance, accounting for the angle between force and motion, with a table showing how work drops off as angle increases.
The Formulas That Describe How Everything Moves
Physics calculations describe motion, force, and energy across scales from a thrown ball to electromagnetic radiation, and the same handful of foundational relationships — Newton's laws, conservation of energy and momentum, the gas laws — reappear across mechanics, thermodynamics, and electricity. Thirty-one calculators here cover that range, from introductory mechanics through more specialized topics.
Popular Physics Calculators
Highlights across mechanics, energy, and gas laws:
- Force Calculator — applies Newton's second law to find force from mass and acceleration.
- Projectile Motion Calculator — calculates trajectory, range, and time of flight for an object launched at an angle.
- Kinetic Energy Calculator — calculates energy of motion from mass and velocity.
- Ideal Gas Law Calculator — solves for pressure, volume, temperature, or moles using PV=nRT.
- Momentum Calculator — calculates momentum from mass and velocity, and models simple collisions.
Why Projectile Motion Splits Into Two Independent Problems
Projectile motion looks like a single curved path, but the physics treats horizontal and vertical motion as entirely independent from each other — horizontal velocity stays constant (ignoring air resistance) while vertical velocity changes continuously under gravity, and neither component affects the other. This separation is exactly why a bullet fired perfectly horizontally and a bullet simply dropped from the same height hit the ground at the same time, despite one traveling a huge horizontal distance and the other traveling none, which is one of the more counterintuitive and frequently tested results in introductory mechanics.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why does the ideal gas law break down at high pressure or low temperature?
It assumes gas particles have no volume and no intermolecular forces, assumptions that hold reasonably well at normal conditions but break down when gas is compressed or cooled enough that particle size and attraction actually matter, which is where more complex real-gas equations take over.
Is momentum always conserved, even in a collision that loses energy?
Yes — total momentum is conserved in any closed system regardless of whether the collision is elastic or inelastic, while kinetic energy is only conserved in elastic collisions, which is a key distinction in collision physics problems.
Explore More
Need chemistry formulas instead? See the Chemistry Calculators, or check applied engineering formulas in the Mechanical Engineering Calculators.