Genetics Calculators
Allele Frequency Calculator
Calculate population allele frequencies p and q from AA, Aa, and aa genotype counts using the standard population genetics formula.
Carrier Probability Calculator
Estimate carrier probability for an autosomal recessive genetic condition based on family history and population carrier frequency.
Chromosome Number Calculator
Look up standard diploid and haploid chromosome counts for common species from fruit flies to dogs, with the haploid count derived automatically.
DNA Extraction Yield Calculator
Calculate total DNA yield in micrograms from a spectrophotometer concentration reading and elution volume.
DNA Molecular Weight Calculator
Calculate the molecular weight of double-stranded DNA from base pair count or single-stranded DNA from its exact sequence and base composition.
DNA Replication Time Calculator
Calculate DNA replication time based on genome size, DNA polymerase speed, and number of active replication forks.
GC Content Calculator
Calculate the GC content percentage of a DNA sequence, a key factor in DNA stability and PCR primer design.
Genetic Distance Calculator (Nei's Distance)
Calculate Nei's standard genetic distance between two populations from their allele frequencies at a locus.
Genetic Relatedness Calculator
Look up the standard coefficient of relatedness and approximate shared DNA percentage for common family relationships, from siblings to second cousins.
Hardy-Weinberg Calculator
Calculate expected Hardy-Weinberg genotype frequencies from an allele frequency, or run a chi-square test to check observed counts against equilibrium.
Heterozygosity Calculator
Compare observed heterozygosity from a sample against the Hardy-Weinberg expected heterozygosity derived from allele frequency, side by side.
Inbreeding Coefficient Calculator
Calculate the inbreeding coefficient F for a pedigree using Wright's path-counting method from ancestor path lengths and shared ancestry.
Mutation Rate Calculator
Calculate the expected number of new mutations across a genome per generation based on per-base mutation rate.
PCR Primer Tm Calculator
Calculate PCR primer melting temperature using the Wallace rule for short primers or the GC formula for longer primers, from the actual sequence.
Ploidy DNA Content Calculator
Calculate total DNA content per cell from haploid DNA content (C-value) and ploidy level.
Protein Length From Gene Calculator
Calculate the number of amino acids in a protein from its coding DNA sequence length in base pairs.
Punnett Square Calculator
Build a full Punnett square for any two-letter genotype cross and get exact genotype and phenotype ratios for the offspring, not just an estimate.
Recombination Frequency Calculator
Calculate recombination frequency and estimated genetic map distance in centiMorgans from recombinant and total offspring counts in a genetic cross.
Trait Heritability Calculator
Calculate broad-sense heritability (h┬▓) for a trait from genetic and environmental variance components.
Twin Concordance Rate Calculator
Calculate concordance rate percentage for a twin study trait, comparing identical versus fraternal twin pairs.
Inheritance Follows Predictable Ratios
Genetics is one of the few biological fields where outcomes follow clean, predictable mathematical ratios — a fact Gregor Mendel documented with pea plants over 150 years ago, and one that still holds for a huge range of inherited traits today. These ten calculators cover the core probability and population genetics math.
The Classic Monohybrid Cross
| Genotype | Proportion | Phenotype |
|---|---|---|
| AA | 1/4 | Dominant trait |
| Aa | 2/4 | Dominant trait |
| aa | 1/4 | Recessive trait |
The result is the well-known 3:1 phenotypic ratio — three offspring showing the dominant trait for every one showing the recessive trait, purely from combining two carriers of a recessive allele. Work through your own cross with the Punnett Square Calculator, or check whether a population is in genetic equilibrium with the Hardy-Weinberg Calculator.
Popular Genetics Calculators
- Allele Frequency Calculator — calculates how common a given allele is within a population.
- Inbreeding Coefficient Calculator — estimates the probability that an individual inherited two copies of the same ancestral allele.
- PCR Primer Tm Calculator — calculates primer melting temperature for PCR reaction design.
Related: Biology Calculators for broader cellular and population biology.